ASHES, Vol. 7(3) – Smoke, or e-Smoke?

Previously, we have discussed the safety and efficacy of e-cigarettes (i.e., a battery-powered device with a refillable nicotine cartridge and a heater that vaporizes a nicotine solution; ASHES, Vol. 6(4)). Current research indicates that e-cigarette liquid and vapor contain significantly fewer chemicals than tobacco cigarettes. In fact, research suggests that harmful chemicals, if any, occur in trace amounts; these characteristics are similar to other nicotine replacement tools (Cahn & Siegel, 2011). This week’s ASHES reviews a study of the effectiveness of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation (Siegel, Tanwar, & Wood, 2011).

Methods

• Siegel et al. (2011) sent an online survey to the first 5,000 people who bought a new e-cigarette seven months after their initial purchase.
  • Of the sample, 222 participants responded (4.5% response rate), but six were excluded from the survey because they did not meet the inclusion criteria for having been a smoker (i.e., lifetime cigarettes smoked ≥ 100).
• Participants (n = 216) completed an online survey that 1) described their typical pattern of e-cigarette and cigarette use at six months post-purchasing e-cigarettes, and 2) compared their overall smoking behavior during the six months following their initial e-cigarettes purchase to their smoking behavior prior to purchasing e-cigarettes.

Results

• Participants reported the following changes in smoking behavior during the six months following purchasing e-cigarettes: 143 reported smoking fewer cigarettes daily, 106 reported reduced nicotine use, and 104 reported they quit smoking for a period of time.
• Table 1 shows participants’ reported smoking patterns at six months follow-up.
  • Thirty percent of the sample (67 of 216, 30%) reported that they were not smoking cigarettes.
  • Among the 149 smokers, nearly equal numbers were using (52%) or not using (48%) e-cigarettes.
  • Among the 67 non-smokers, there were proportionately more participants using e-cigarettes (61%) than not (39%).
• The relationship between using e-cigarettes and smoking was not statistically significant (² (1 df) = 1.46, p = .23).

Figure. Smoking status by use of e-cigarettes. Click image to enlarge.

Limitations

• This study uses retrospective self-report without chemical verification.
• The results might not be generalizable to all people who use e-cigarettes because (a) the researchers only surveyed one e-cigarette brand and (b) the response rate was extremely low suggesting that the participants might not represent e-cigarette users.

Discussion

These results suggest that there might be an association between smoking reductions and using e-cigarettes (i.e., as the number of daily e-cigarette usage increased, the percentage of participants not smoking at six months increased). However, the results are not statistically significant when investigators compared participants who smoked and used e-cigarettes to those who smoked and did not use e-cigarettes. The same distribution in a sample containing about 100 more cases would be statistically significant, however, suggesting that the e-cigarette effect is small. Nonetheless, small effects can have considerable impact if this approach to stopping smoking was widely accepted.

Current research is mixed about whether e-cigarettes reduce craving (Bullen et al., 2009; Eissenberg, 2010), but some evidence suggests that simply holding a cigarette can help fight craving (Barrett, 2010). Using e-cigarettes mimics traditional cigarette use, so this could be the reason for the observed association between not smoking and/or reducing smoking tobacco cigarettes. Nevertheless, more research is needed to determine the efficacy of e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool, including more comprehensive safety tests.

-Tasha Chandler

References

Barrett, S. P. (2010). The effects of nicotine, denicotinized tobacco, and nicotine-containing tobacco on cigarette craving, withdrawal, and self-administration in male and female smokers. Behavioural Pharmacology, 21(2), 144-152. doi: doi:10.1097/FBP.0b013e328337be68

Bullen, C., McRobbie, H., Thomley, S., Glover, M., Lin, R., & Laugesen, M. (2010). Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e cigarette) on desire to smoke and withdrawal, user preferences and nicotine delivery: Randomised cross-over trial. Tobacco Control, 19, 98-103. doi: 10.1136/tc.2009.031567

Cahn, Z., & Siegel, M. B. (2011). Electronic cigarettes as a harm reduction strategy for tobacco control: A step forward or a repeat of past mistakes? Journal of Public Health Policy, 32, 16-31. doi: 10.1057/jphp.2010.41

Eissenberg, T. (2010). Electronic nicotine delivery devices: Ineffective nicotine delivery and craving suppression after acute administration. Tobacco Control, 19, 87-88. doi: 10.1136/tc.2009.033498

Siegel, M. B., Tanwar, K. L., & Wood, K. S. (2011). Electronic cigarettes as a smoking-cessation tool results from an online study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 40(4), 472-475. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.12.006

What do you think? Please use the comment link below to provide feedback on this article.